Full Separation or Full Integration? An Investigation of the Optimal Renewables Policy Employing Tradable Green Certificate Systems in Two Countries’ Electricity Markets

Options for Design of Tradable Green Certificate Systems

The main conclusions with regard to the design of Tradable Green Certificate (TGCs) systems for the penetration of renewable energy are as follows. Any design of a national promotion system based on TGCs should: • Provide substantial pressure to actors in the market without making it impossible to reach their goals. • Provide sufficient security for investors; provide a stable and predictable g...

On Integrating Large Shares of Renewables in Electricity Markets

In recent years increasing shares of renewable energy sources (RES) have changed the usual pattern of electricity markets especially in Western Europe remarkably. Due to this, currently, the development of electricity markets respectively the whole electricity system is at a crucial crossing. On the one hand, the way to a sustainable electricity system based mainly on RES could be paved in the ...

The Full Cost of Renewables: Managing Wind Integration Costs in California

How does renewables competition affect forward contracting in electricity markets?

Higher renewables penetration reduces the incentive of conventional electricity generators to sell forward production. This can undermine the role of forward contracting in mitigating market power. More renewable energy raises wholesale electricity prices in states of the world where its capacity utilization is low due to intermittency.

an investigation of the types of text reduction in subtitling: a case study of the persian film gilaneh with english subtitles

چکیده ندارد.